ESL

English as a Second Language (ESL) refers to instruction in English for learners whose first language is not English. ESL is the standard term for adult English instruction in non-English-speaking learner populations and for K-12 instruction in many US states.

Related terms include:

• EFL (English as a Foreign Language): English instruction in countries where English is not the dominant language. EFL learners study English to use it in international contexts.
• EAL (English as an Additional Language): A more inclusive term used in many UK and Commonwealth contexts. EAL recognizes that some learners speak multiple languages and English is being added to their repertoire rather than replacing a 'first' language.
• ELL (English Language Learner) or EL (English Learner): Terms used in K-12 US contexts under ESSA Title III. EL students receive specialized instruction until they demonstrate proficiency.

The terminology varies but the underlying instruction is similar: structured language acquisition targeting reading, writing, speaking, and listening with a focus on real communicative use.